南京大学学报(哲学.人文科学.社会科学版)

对于治理领域而言，“资源”与“资源配置体制”具有理论研究与经验实践的双重价值。主要应用于乡村维持和发展的资源是“基础性资源”,而用于乡村进一步提升和繁荣的资源是“发展性资源”,前者为乡村建设与治理提供了最为基础且必要的资源支持。资源配置机制可分为“行政协调”与“市场协调”两类，且两类机制内部均各有其差异化的亚机制。当前，尽管政府持续实施“资源下乡”政策，但由于其运行机制的缺失，难以为乡村治理供给充实的基础性资源。当今乡村之所以基础性资源普遍不足，与缺失有效的资源供给机制有关。这正是乡村“弱治理”格局未能改观的重要缘由。从中西部地区若干“落后村庄”10余年的善治转型实践来看，其实质性改革在于村内外资源的开放、自由与平等流动及民主治理体系的建设：向农民和农村开放平等与自由权利，尊重并确认农民的土地、房产等资源的所有权、开发权与交易权，借此带动多种资源在城乡之间的自由流动；同时，在村里，以村民代表会议和村民多元参与而非村干部为决策主体，议决村内包括资源配置等重大事务。换言之，以平等、自由和民主原则处理城乡之间的资源配置，安排资源在村内的分配，这有助于优化资源配置，进而为乡村建设与治理提供强有力的资源基础。这为基础性资源配置的改革优化提供了宝贵的政策启示：应当积极推进基础性资源配置体制的完善和改革，迈向以法治规制的市场机制为主导及其与以代表—协商为基础的权力机制相结合的资源配置体制。一方面，向农民、农村开放平等自由权利，切实放开、放活城乡社会，发挥市场机制的主导性作用，促进和实现各类资源的高效、自由与公平流动；另一方面，切实加强基层民主建设，推动全过程人民民主进程，发挥民主在资源配置中的协调功能。这是一种经济—政治体制，即以市场机制为主导，同时以民主法治约束行政权力、规范市场机制。如此，方能有效推动城乡中国的融合发展和现代化。

In the field of governance,resources and resource allocation systems possess both theoretical significance and practical value. In rural areas,the key resources for maintenance and basic development are termed fundamental resources,whereas those aimed at further upgrading and prosperity are considered developmental resources. Fundamental resources provide the most essential and necessary support for village construction and governance. Resource allocation mechanisms can be broadly divided into two categories:administrative coordination and market coordination,with each containing distinctive sub-mechanisms. At present,although the government continues to implement policies of channeling resources into rural areas,the absence of effective operational mechanisms has limited their effectiveness in supplying villages with sufficient fundamental resources. The widespread shortage of such resources is directly linked to the lack of efficient supply mechanisms,which in turn has perpetuated the pattern of weak governance in rural communities. Based on over a decade of observed transformations toward effective governance in several backward villages in central and western China,the author finds that substantive reform has relied on two dimensions:the free,equal,and open flow of resources between villages and the outside world,and the establishment of democratic governance structures. This involves granting farmers equal rights and freedoms,recognizing and securing ownership,development rights,and transaction rights for such resources as land and housing,thereby facilitating the free flow of multiple resources across rural and urban areas. Within villages,decision-making power shifts from village administrators to villagers' representative assemblies and broad-based participation,particularly in deliberations concerning resource allocation.In essence,treating resource distribution between urban and rural areas—and within villages—according to principles of equality,freedom,and democracy optimizes allocation and provides a stronger foundation for village construction and governance. This offers valuable policy insights:reforms should advance toward a resource allocation system in which a law-regulated market mechanism plays the leading role,complemented by a representative-consultative power mechanism. On the one hand,equal rights and freedoms must be extended to farmers and rural communities,revitalizing urban-rural society and enabling resources to circulate efficiently,freely,and fairly. On the other hand,community-level democratic institutions must be strengthened to enhance the role of participatory democracy in coordinating resource allocation. Such a system constitutes an integrated politico-economic arrangement:one that relies on market mechanisms as the primary driver,while simultaneously constraining administrative power and regulating markets through democratic rule of law. Only in this way can the integrated development and modernization of urban and rural China be effectively advanced.